Efeito da restrição calórica na perda óssea alveolar induzida por ligadura em ratos

Abstract

Periodontitis is an infectious and inflammatory condition that starts with gingivitis in the teeth protective tissue and progresses to the supporting tissues. Several cascades of inflammatory reactions are involved and result in alveolar bone loss, which can be modified by local, systemic and behavioral factors, such as diets. Caloric restriction is a decrease in caloric intake and is related to beneficial mechanisms in reducing chronic diseases, such as periodontitis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of caloric restriction on ligature-induced alveolar bone loss in rats. This study used 96 Wistar rats, which were initially divided into groups with normocaloric diet (Experiment 1) or groups with cafeteria diet (Experiment 2) and subdivided in both studies in groups that were submitted to caloric restriction and groups that received induction of ligature-induced experimental periodontitis. Among the analyzes, were performed: macroscopic morphometric for analysis of alveolar bone loss, biometric analysis, serum levels of glycemic and lipid profile, clinical periodontal analysis and bone tissue biomarkers levels. The results show that caloric restriction and ligature induction had a significant interaction with the alveolar bone loss presented by the animals. In the comparison between animals that received induction by ligature, the groups that received caloric restriction induction showed a significant reduction in the alveolar bone loss in relation to the groups that did not receive caloric restriction, both for the groups with a previously normocaloric diet and for the groups with a cafeteria diet. The data found support the caloric restriction induction method, as there was a significant reduction in body weight, abdominal circumference and fat mass, in both experiments. In the analysis of the glycemic level, animals submitted to caloric restriction showed a significant reduction with those that did not receive caloric restriction. As for the clinical periodontal analysis, among the groups that received ligature induction, significant differences were found in the parameters: bleeding, gingival index and mobility, after caloric restriction, mainly in previously obese animals. However, regarding the biofilm parameter, there was no significant difference, biofilm being found in all groups with experimental periodontitis. The findings regarding the bone tissue biomarkers levels, calcium and alkaline phosphatase, prove that the applied method of induction of caloric restriction did not show nutritional decrease. Considering the results found, caloric restriction significantly reduces both alveolar bone loss and serum and biometric parameters.