Trabalho infantil e arranjos familiares: ênfase nas famílias monoparentais brasileiras no ano de 2019

Abstract

This research aims to analyze the modalities of child labor, considering different family arrangements, with a special focus on single-parent families. To do so, a historical contextualization on the concept of family, social protection and the contradictory nature of the family in capital; the formation of the working class and the history of child labor; and finally, the microdata of the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio (PNAD) on child labor and single-parent families in 2019 were analyzed. In order to achieve the proposed objective, we used a quanti-qualitative approach, based on bibliographic and documental research for theoretical subsidies. A documental analysis of the legislation about family and childhood was carried out. The microdata of the research, relative to the year of 2019, was obtained through the 5th visit carried out by PNAD, and treated through the free software PSPP. With the analysis, information was cross-referenced regarding gender, color, whether the child lives in rural or urban areas, income, and education of the child/adolescent. Furthermore, the modalities of child labor were divided into paid/merchandise and child domestic work. In the case of the last one, 10 hours of work per week was stipulated as the cutoff line, whereby hours worked above this value categorized the child/adolescent as being in domestic work. Finally, after verifying the gender of the head of the household and the existence of a spouse, a characterization of each family arrangement present in each household was made. Although it is referred to as child labor, in this dissertation, it is understood and considered as work by children and adolescents. The results of the research indicated that child labor is still present in Brazilian families, especially in single-parent, low-income, and rural families. Moreover, child labor is mostly expressed in domestic work, affecting mostly girls. The data indicated that child labor is closely linked to low income (with higher incidence in families earning up to 1/2 of the minimum wage). In this sense, the strengthening of social policies and intersectoral action in dealing with child labor to ensure social protection with children and adolescents having their rights violated it is understood as essential and urgent, equally to the strengthening of the monitoring to identify possible problems.