SUPER ÁRVORES FILOGENÉTICAS PARA GALERUCINAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) E SILURIFORMES (TELEOSTEI: OSTARIOPHYSI) AGRUPANDO DADOS MORFOLÓGICOS E MOLECULARES

Abstract

The large amount of phylogenetic data that are being available, with predominance of molecular, with the recent advances in techniques to obtainment, amplification and sequencing of DNA molecules, RNA and proteins, offer a new perspective for solving phylogenetic relationships of problem groups. However, this increased amount of data requires integration strategies and combined analysis of data, gathering the molecular per se with other previous data, such as morphological, cytological, ethological, and others. A recent alternative for this integration and phylogenetic meta-analysis is the Supertree Construction approach, that in principle consists in a gathering of independent smaller phylogenies that have some terminal taxa in common into a larger phylogeny, built with more characters, major number of terminal taxa, being an important tool for more accurate inferences about the systematics, evolution, biology, ethology, biogeography, cytogenetics, and others, once it offers a broader perspective of the study group. In this study, two problematic groups about their phylogenetic systematics were selected and analyzed under the perspective of the Supertree Construction approach. For subfamily Galerucinae sensu lato was performed a molecular phylogeny for Alticinae species with emphasis on the segment Oedionychini, based on alignment of the sequences of expansion segment 2 (D2) of nuclear 28S rDNA gene (28SD2), and the mitochondrial gene for the subunit I of cytochrome oxidase c (COI), being this phylogenies gather with other data used in previous phylogenetic studies. Later, this molecular phylogeny was incorporated into a supertree, constructed for Galerucinae sensu lato. The supertree recovered the monophyly of a Galerucinae group, and paraphyletic Alticinae. To order Siluriformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi) was built a supertree based on both, morphological and molecular data, containing all families recognized for the group. The final topology recovered the monophyly of Siluriformes with Diplomystidae being the most basal catfish and sister group of the rest of Eusiluroidei.