Obtenção, caracterização de amido e celulose nanofibrilada de milheto ( Pennisetum glaucum) e sua aplicação em filmes biodegradáveis
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Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa
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Embalagens de alimentos são amplamente utilizadas para proteger os produtos contra contaminações e deterioração, porém a maioria é composta por plásticos de origem fóssil que, por não se degradarem naturalmente, geram graves impactos ambientais. Como alternativa, os filmes biodegradáveis produzidos a partir de fontes renováveis, como amido e celulose, têm despertado interesse crescente. Neste contexto, o milheto destaca-se como uma matéria-prima promissora por ser adaptado a climas quentes e à escassez hídrica, embora ainda seja subutilizado. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver e caracterizar filmes biodegradáveis à base de amido de milheto, reforçados com celulose nanofibrilada (CNF) extraída do colmo da mesma planta. Adicionalmente, a proposta fundamenta-se no conceito de biorrefinaria, ao integrar o aproveitamento de diferentes partes do milheto em uma abordagem circular e sustentável de valorização integral da biomassa. O amido foi extraído da semente por método químico (alcalino) e apresentou baixo conteúdo residual de proteína e lipídios, alto teor de amilose (28,28%) que influenciou na alta tendência à retrogradação, mas foi favorável para a produção de filmes, o menor teor de cristalinidade relativa (21,92%) teve influência na baixa temperatura de gelatinização. A suspensão de celulose nanofibrilada foi obtida do colmo por processo alcalino e mecânico, apresentou estabilidades térmica e eletrostática adequadas para a aplicação em filmes e fibrilas com dimensões nanométricas ( 0,05), estando entre 8,87×10-11 e 1,11×10⁻10 g. Pa-1 . s -1 . m-1 e 17,4% a 19,5%, respectivamente, indicando que a adição de CNF não exerceu influência nessas propriedades. A adição de celulose nanofibrilada reduziu a hidrofilicidade dos filmes, com menores teores de umidade na monocamada nas formulações F500 e F200.Quanto as propriedades mecânicas, a amostra F500 destacou-se com a maior resistência à tração (2,47 MPa), rigidez intermediária (84,1 MPa) e flexibilidade preservada (118,1%), configurando o melhor equilíbrio geral, enquanto a F100 demonstrou o pior desempenho que pode estar atrelado à formação de aglomerados evidenciados pela microscopia na amostra F100, indicando que o excesso de CNF compromete a dispersão e as propriedades mecânicas. Assim, concluise que os filmes desenvolvidos apresentam potencial para aplicações em embalagens de alimentos de baixa e intermediária umidade, com destaque para a formulação F500, que reuniu o melhor conjunto de propriedades.
Food packaging is widely used to protect products from contamination and deterioration; however, most packaging consists of fossil-based plastics, which generate severe environmental impacts due to their lack of natural degradability. As an alternative, biodegradable films produced from renewable sources, such as starch and cellulose, have garnered increasing interest. In this context, millet stands out as a promising raw material because it is adapted to hot climates and water scarcity, though it remains underutilized. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and characterize biodegradable films based on millet starch, reinforced with nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) extracted from the stem of the same plant. Additionally, the proposal is grounded in the biorefinery concept by integrating the utilization of different parts of millet within a circular and sustainable approach for the complete valorization of the biomass. Starch was extracted from the seeds using an alkaline method and exhibited low residual protein and lipid content, a high amylose content (28.28%) that influenced a high retrogradation tendency but was favorable for film production, and a low relative crystallinity (21.92%) that affected its low gelatinization temperature. The nanofibrillated cellulose suspension, obtained from the stem via an alkaline and mechanical process, demonstrated suitable thermal and electrostatic stability for film applications, with fibrils exhibiting nanoscale dimensions ( 0.05), ranging from 8.87×10-11 e 1.11×10⁻10 g. Pa-1 . s -1 . m-1 and 17.4% to 19.5%, respectively, indicating that NFC addition did not influence these properties. The addition of nanofibrillated cellulose reduced the hydrophilicity of the films, with lower monolayer moisture content in the F500 and F200 formulations. Regarding mechanical properties, sample F500 stood out with the highest tensile strength (2.47 MPa), intermediate stiffness (84.1 MPa), and preserved flexibility (118.1%), representing the best overall balance, while F100 exhibited the poorest performance, which may be linked to the formation of aggregates evidenced by microscopy, indicating that excessive NFC compromises dispersion and mechanical properties. Thus, it is concluded that the developed films show potential for applications in low- to intermediate-moisture food packaging, particularly the F500 formulation, which demonstrated the most favorable combination of properties.
Food packaging is widely used to protect products from contamination and deterioration; however, most packaging consists of fossil-based plastics, which generate severe environmental impacts due to their lack of natural degradability. As an alternative, biodegradable films produced from renewable sources, such as starch and cellulose, have garnered increasing interest. In this context, millet stands out as a promising raw material because it is adapted to hot climates and water scarcity, though it remains underutilized. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and characterize biodegradable films based on millet starch, reinforced with nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) extracted from the stem of the same plant. Additionally, the proposal is grounded in the biorefinery concept by integrating the utilization of different parts of millet within a circular and sustainable approach for the complete valorization of the biomass. Starch was extracted from the seeds using an alkaline method and exhibited low residual protein and lipid content, a high amylose content (28.28%) that influenced a high retrogradation tendency but was favorable for film production, and a low relative crystallinity (21.92%) that affected its low gelatinization temperature. The nanofibrillated cellulose suspension, obtained from the stem via an alkaline and mechanical process, demonstrated suitable thermal and electrostatic stability for film applications, with fibrils exhibiting nanoscale dimensions ( 0.05), ranging from 8.87×10-11 e 1.11×10⁻10 g. Pa-1 . s -1 . m-1 and 17.4% to 19.5%, respectively, indicating that NFC addition did not influence these properties. The addition of nanofibrillated cellulose reduced the hydrophilicity of the films, with lower monolayer moisture content in the F500 and F200 formulations. Regarding mechanical properties, sample F500 stood out with the highest tensile strength (2.47 MPa), intermediate stiffness (84.1 MPa), and preserved flexibility (118.1%), representing the best overall balance, while F100 exhibited the poorest performance, which may be linked to the formation of aggregates evidenced by microscopy, indicating that excessive NFC compromises dispersion and mechanical properties. Thus, it is concluded that the developed films show potential for applications in low- to intermediate-moisture food packaging, particularly the F500 formulation, which demonstrated the most favorable combination of properties.
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RUTHS, Luana Carolina. Obtenção, caracterização de amido e celulose nanofibrilada de milheto ( Pennisetum glaucum) e sua aplicação em filmes biodegradáveis. 2026. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos) - Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, 2026.
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