AS TERRITORIALIDADES DA EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL NO SISTEMA FEDERAL DE UNIDADES DE CONSERVAÇÃO DA NATUREZA

Abstract

This dissertation problematizes how the field of Environmental Education (EA) composes territorial practices (territorialities of EA) in federal units of nature conservation (UCs). For this, a conceptual framework was developed considering the field as a social space composed of agents and normative configurations of several orders and the territoriality as an expression of power that mediates the relationship between society and the State through the control of the geographic space; the pedagogical political macro trends of EA (conservationist, pragmatic or critical) were conceived as propensities to distinguish conceptions of conservation of nature territories. The Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) was elected as the indicator agent of the tensions and disputes inherent in the formation of the territories of the UCs. In operational terms, a qualitative and quantitative diagnosis was performed with 254 UCs, contemplating questions about the development of EA actions, their means and content. The data were systematized through various visual techniques (graphs, tables, cartograms and tag clouds). In a simple genealogy of the Brazilian public policies of EA was perceived the existence of distinct political-pedagogical concepts disputing the supremacy of the field, with a tendency of domination of a pragmatic bias, adequacy of the use of the natural resources according to the demands of the capitalist market. However, in the analysis of territorial practices of UCs (multi-scalar approach of the field and territories) the results are different from the national scene, for example, in the UCs there is no hegemonic pedagogical political position. Already considering the management groups and the different categories of UCs regulated by the Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC) (BRASIL, LEI 9.985 / 2000), that is, the preconceived means of land management, it was verified the predominance of actions with conservationism characteristics related to EA in the Integral Protection group of natural resources, with emphasis on the categories: Ecological Station and Biological Reserve. In the group of Sustainable Use of Natural Resources, EA practices prevailed by a critical pedagogical conception, since a wide range of agents are indicated, deciding on the uses of the territories and nuances of dialogical educational processes between ICMBio staff and the communities that constitute the UCs; are critical protagonists of EA the Reservas Extrativistas (RESEXS) and a Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (RDS). Thus, it is understood that the EA’s field composes the territorial practices in the analyzed UCs with different forms of regulation of natural resources, depending on the types of UCs. Regarding the ICMBio’s agent, regardless of the group or category of UCs, an institutional guideline for the promotion of a critic EA was validated. In the specialization of the EA’s field, it has been shown that different forms of territorialities of the State represented in management categories, resulting in different political-pedagogical conceptions in the development of EA actions as constitutive of territorialities practiced in UCs.