Desenvolvimento, caracterização e liberação in vitro de complexos de inclusão clorexidina:β-ciclodextrina obtidos por diferentes métodos

Abstract

Purpose: This study prepared inclusion complexes (IC) between chlorhexidine (Chx) and β-cyclodextrin (βCD) for posterior incorporation into tissue conditioner material, aiming to promote controlled release and a prolonged antifungal effect. Material and methods: Suspensions of Chx:βCD in molar ratios of 1:0.125, 1:0.25, 1:0.5, 1:0.625, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4 were prepared in triplicate in distilled water, stirred for 24 h, and evaluated regarding phase solubility. The 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios were selected to obtain IC using the following methods: physical mixture (PM), freeze-drying (FD), and spray-drying (Spray). PM was homogeneous blended in a mortar for 15 min. The other IC were dissolved in water/ethanol solution (50:50 v/v), stirred for 24 h, and then submitted to one of the drying methods FD or Spray. Chx, βCD, and IC were submitted to the following physicochemical characterization: field emission electron gun microscopy (FEG), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TGA), X ray diffraction (DXR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). For the in vitro dissolution study, 1:2 PM, FD and Spray IC were selected. The dissolution was made in triplicate using paddle device at 37ºC and 75 rpm during 24 h for Chx and IC. The results were evaluated in relation to profile, efficiency (ANOVA-1 way/Tukey, α=0.05) and dissolution kinetics. Results: Methods of IC preparation changed the non-complexed particle morphology after inclusion. PM and FD IC presented irregular-shaped particles and Spray IC showed the lowest particle sizes, with regular toroidal shape, by FEG analysis. DXR analysis showed that 1:2 PM and FD IC presented semi-crystalline and 1:1 FD IC and Spray IC, in both molar ratios, presented amorphous characteristics. Peaks related to βCD shifted to higher or lower frequency in FT-IR spectra upon inclusion due to the interaction Chx:βCD. Peaks of Chx did not appear in FT-IR spectra after inclusion, suggesting the presence of Chx within βCD cavity. DSC and TGA analyses indicated the formation of a new compound due to the changes observed in thermal characteristics of Chx and βCD upon inclusion. Complexation was then proved by 1H NMR analysis that showed several changes in guanidine and aromatic moiety of Chx and in hidrogens of βCD cavity, confirming that the drug was included into βCD. Finally, in vitro dissolution study showed an immediate release mechanics of the drug from 1:2 FD and Spray IC. FD IC also presented the better dissolution profile and the higher (p=0.0105) dissolution efficiency (40.06±0.97%) in comparison to the non- complexed Chx and the other IC during 7 h. The Chx release profile revealed the better kinetic adjustment for Weibull model, while the IC release profiles best set to the biexponential model. Thus, the complexation changes the drug release kinetics, resulting in two stages, initial fast and final prolonged. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained by the characterization techniques, it was concluded that chlorhexidine better complexed with β-cyclodextrin in 1:2 molar ratio in all tested methods. Freeze-drying inclusion complex 1:2 chlorhexidine:β-cyclodextrin presented the better dissolution efficiency and biexponential kinetics, and this may result in interesting strategy to the development of pharmaceutical compounds that enable a controlled release when they are incorporated to the tissue conditioner material.