Efeito residual da aplicação de gesso na eficiência da adubação fosfatada para a sucessão trigo-soja em sistema plantio direto

Abstract

P is the nutrient, which most limits agricultural productivity in Brazil, due to the material from Brazilian soils, because of the strong interaction of P with soil, and its precipitation with compounds Fe, Al and Ca, for this reason, phosphate fertilization has been utilized in larger quantities, compromising world supplies, which have been diminishing. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of the utilization of P in agriculture, and the utilization of gypsum may be an alternative, due to the presence of P in its composition and the favoring of root growth. Thus, this paper is aimed at evaluating residual effect of gypsum application in the efficiency of phosphate fertilization for the succession wheat-soybean in no tillage system. The experiment was installed in October 2013, in the municipality of Ponta Grossa, in a typical dystrophic Red Latosol, clay texture. The experimental delineation applied was the blocks by chance, in subdivided parcels, with three repetitions. In the (180 m2) parcels, four doses of P (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1) were applied, in-furrow, for winter and summer harvests, in the form of Triple SuperPhosphate (TSP) and, in the (45 m2) subparcels, four doses of agricultural gypsum were applied (0, 2, 4, 6 t ha-1), in October of 2013. The succession of crops for the experiment was: wheat (2015) and soybean (2015/2016), residual effect of agricultural gypsum was evaluated 33 months after its application (October of 2013), along with the effects of P doses. The evaluations performed were about the chemical attributes of the soil (pH, Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, S-SO42- and P) in layers (0-10, 10-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm deep) in wheat crops (2015), and in soybean crops (2015/2016); foliar diagnosis, extraction, grain yield, and the partial factor productivity were evaluated. The residual effect of agricultural gypsum in the surface and phosphate fertilization in-furrow caused improvements to the chemical attributes of the soil, where the addition of P doses caused an increase of P (0-20 cm), SO42- (20-40 cm), Ca2+ and K+ (40-60 cm) and a decrease of P (20-40 cm), SO42- (0-10 cm) and Mg2+ (40-60 cm). The residual effect of agricultural gypsum caused an increase of Ca2+ (0-60 cm), P (0-20 cm), SO42- (10-60 cm) and K+ (40-60 cm), and a decrease of Al3+ (10-20 cm). In wheat crops, the addition of P doses increased the foliar content of P, Ca and S, and decreased the extraction of Fe, on the other hand with the addition of gypsum an increase of Ca and S foliar content occurred and a decrease of Mg content, and an increase of P, S and Cu extraction. In soybean crops, the addition of P doses and gypsum caused statistical differences in the crop diagnosis, and then again, for the extraction of the plant, there was an increase of K, Fe, Mn and Zn extraction with the addition of P doses, and an increase of P, Ca, S and Fe extraction with the addition of gypsum doses. For grain yield, the increase of P doses were not efficient to boost productivity in wheat and soybean crops, as for the addition of gypsum doses, it was only efficient for wheat crops with a 21,8% increase of grain yield. The addition in applied P doses increased the partial factor productivity (PFP) of P in wheat and soybean crops, when the lowest dose of P (30 kg ha-1) was applied. The residual effect of gypsum in the increase of wheat productivity did not happen because of improvements in the efficiency of P usage by plants.