A construção da Lei n° 13.415/2017 sob a influência de frações da burguesia: as facetas políticas do neoliberalismo no Brasil e o Ensino Médio a partir do final da década de 1990

Abstract

This research is part of the discussion about the influence of neoliberalism in educational policies, especially in the offer and organization of High School and its effects on the lives of young Brazilians. We understand that the current high school reform is a project whose construction started in the 1990s. Therefore, from this historical period, we analyze the influence of specific fractions of the bourgeoisie in the creation of Brazilian Law 13.415/2017, having as background the constitution of the political facets of neoliberalism. Under the Dialectical and Historical Materialism scope and especially with the contributions of Gramsci and Poulantzas, this study is structured around the following problem: What has been the influence of the "political facets of neoliberalism" in Educational Policies for High School since the late 1990s? This study is designed using bibliographic and documentary research as methodology. As a general objective, we sought to explain possible relations between the "political facets of neoliberalism" developed in Brazil since the late 1990s and the educational policies for high school. As specific objectives, we intended to: Identify the "political facets of neoliberalism" developed by Brazilian governments ever since the late 1990s; Understand, in the policies for high school, the influence of the "political facets of neoliberalism" developed by Brazilian governments ever since the late 1990s; Identify how the historical predecessors of educational policies for high school, ever since the late 1990s, helped in the construction of Brazilian Law 13.415/2017; Analyze the limits of training for the working class from Brazilian Law 13.415/2017. The conclusive studies demonstrated that there was a movement of continuity between the governments, which was structured around neoliberalism from its different political facets, here entitled: "civil authoritarianism of presidential basis" - FHC (1995 to 2003); "the pendulum of class conciliation" - Lula (2003 to 2011); "sharpening of conflicts within the block in power" - Dilma/Temer (2011 to 2016). The fact that we have not had, since the late 1990s, a concrete break of neoliberalism in the Brazilian context has contributed to the emergence of Brazilian Law 13.415/2017 in the current situation. Under this prism, we identified eight bricks that structure from educational policies, the historical path of Brazilian Law 13.415/2017, these being: brick 1 - decree 2. 208/97 and the reform of professional education; Brick 2 - the separation of technical and professional training from general training in high school; Brick 3 - the indirect privatization of high school; Brick 4 - the "pendulum of class conciliation" in Lula’s government; Brick 5 - the bourgeoisie thinking and articulating the education of the Brazilian working class in Lula’s government and the impossibility of reconciling the irreconcilable; Brick 6 - the National Program for Access to Technical Education and Employment (Programa Nacional de Acesso ao Ensino Técnico e Emprego – PRONATEC); Brick 7 - the National Common Core Curriculum (Base Nacional Comum Curricular – BNCC); And Brick 8 - Provisional Measure No. 746/2016 of the 2016 Coup d'Etat. From this scenario, we consider that the development of the High School we want takes time since it is necessary for a process of class consciousness of the working class. Finally, we indicate a possible path for structuring a new training policy for this stage.