Ocupação e uso do solo urbano em Curitiba: planejamento, valorização e segregação residencial

Abstract

Curitiba represents not only one of the greatest cities in Brazil, but also one of the most relevants metropolitan areas in the country, a role that increased during the 1990 decade, related with a progressive migration of people and important corporations, connected with key sectors in brazilian economy. Such factors contributed to consolidate this region as an urban and economic agglomeration. Moreover, Curitiba is worldwide recognized by it’s public transportation system, supported in Bus Rapid Transit- BRT axes, which orientated the city’s urban planning since it’s Master Plan approved in 1966. Given this scenario, the research analyzed social and economic externalities correlated with such urban dynamics, focused over recent land policies and their effects in residential patterns presented in Curitiba. Firstly, using the methodology of Double Difference Matching-DDM, the study promoted an analysis of how housing density, expansion of economic activity, presence of urban equipments and the recent city’s zoning ordinance modifications, introducted by municipal Law n. 9800/2000, affected urban lots prices during the 2002-2017 period. The results demonstrated that such covariates had different impacts over urban soil’s value during the period. In contrast with others residential zoning ordinances, was observed a positive and statistically significant average treatment effect of proximity to public transportation axes to increase lots prices, mainly composed by lots inserted in Residential Zoning 4. Furthermore, the research investigated contemporany determinants of residential segregation in Curitiba, represented by the presence of land’s irregular occupations within the city’s urban area, registered in 2010. After an exploratory analysis of spatial patterns to comprehend this phenomenon in the city, the Spatial Probit methodology was utilized to estimate the econometric model. Here, the covariates are related to household’s wealth, demand of public housing programs present in Curitiba’s neighborhoods, gender of the main responsible for household’s maintenance, density of urban equipments, presence of public housing zoning ordinances in Curitiba’s census tracts and also, ethnic enclaves. Specifically, the latter covariate was analyzed by the Poulsen tipology, as it could represent better an overall pattern of interaction or polarization between social groups in the urban area, also related with their economic vulnerability. The results presented evidences of a segregational process influenced by poverty, gender and ethnic profile of Curitiba’s citizens. On other hand, a greater wealth per capita and zoning ordinances designed to tackle public housing issues, were determinants to decrease the probability of land’s irregular occupations existence among city’s urban areas. Finally, was evidenced a positive spatial autocorrelation and a significative spillover effect in the process of residential segregation between census tracts in Curitiba.