Azospirillum brasilense, gesso e eficiência da adubação nitrogenada em sistema de produção de grãos
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Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa
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O fornecimento adequado de nitrogênio (N) é fundamental para a obtenção de altos rendimentos de grãos. A dinâmica do N nos sistemas agrícolas é bastante complexo, estando intimamente relacionado com os teores de matéria orgânica, aos micro organismos do solo e a disponibilidade de outros nutrientes. Apesar da grande importância para o crescimento vegetal, a utilização de elevadas doses de N pode reduzir a eficiência na utilização do N e causar problemas de contaminação ambiental. O fornecimento de N via fixação biológica é bem difundida na cultura da soja, mas esse processo sofre uma redução na fase reprodutiva da cultura, o que tem gerado duvidas sobre os possíveis benefícios a aplicação de N após o florescimento. O fornecimento de N com o uso bactérias diazotróficas na cultura do milho e do trigo pode contribuir para o amento da eficiência da adubação nitrogenada pelas culturas de milho e trigo, para a cultura da soja o uso de tais micro organismos juntamente com o Bradyrhizobium japonicum também ganhado destaque. Outra forma que aumentar a eficiência da adubação nitrogenada é o fornecimento adequado de outros nutrientes em especial o enxofre (S). Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar (i) as alterações químicas do solo após a inoculação das sementes com Azospirillum brasilense com e sem uso de gesso e a aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura e (ii) a nutrição das plantas, a produtividade e nutrição de grãos, a extração de nutrientes nas culturas de milho, trigo e soja, e a eficiência de uso do N nas culturas de milho e trigo em função da inoculação das sementes com Azospirillum brasilense, uso de gesso e da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura. O experimento foi realizado em Ponta Grossa (PR), em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico textura muito argilosa há 34 anos sob plantio direto. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. Nas parcelas, foram empregados os tratamentos sem inoculação, com inoculação das sementes com Azospirillum brasilense e com inoculação das sementes com Azospirillum brasilense + gesso, as sementes de milho e trigo foram inoculadas pouco antes da semeadura e as sementes de soja foram inoculadas com Bradyrhizobium japonicum, sendo parte co-inoculadas com Azospirillum brasilense. O gesso foi aplicado na instalação do estudo em 2012, sendo utilizada a dose de 2,7 t ha-1 , visando a manutenção de altos níveis de Sulfato no solo. Nas subparcelas, foram aplicadas três doses de N em cobertura, na forma de ureia, nas culturas de milho (0, 80, 160 kg ha-1 ), trigo (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1 ) e soja (0, 25, 50 kg ha-1 ). O milho foi cultiva após aveia preta nas safras 2012-2013 e 2014-2015, o trigo foi cultivado após o milho em 2013 e 2015 e após a soja em 2016, a soja foi cultivada após o trigo na safra 2013-2014, 2015-2016 e 2016-2017. A inoculação das sementes de milho, trigo e soja com Azospirillum brasilense em sistema plantio direto de longa duração não alterou os atributos químicos do solo e os teores de C e N. O uso de gesso agrícola aumentou os teores de sulfato no perfil do solo (0-60 cm) e os níveis de P e Ca na camada superficial do solo (0-10 cm). Sucessivas aplicações de N via ureia em cobertura ocasionaram acidificação na camada superficial do solo (0-10 cm). A inoculação de sementes de milho com Azospirillum brasilense, com ou sem o uso de gesso, não proporcionou alterações relevantes na nutrição das plantas, e não alterou a produtividade de grãos e a eficiência da adubação nitrogenada. A dose de N recomendada para a cultura do milho não deve ser reduzida com a inoculação das sementes com Azospirillum brasilense em ambiente de alto rendimento de grãos sob plantio direto. A cultura do trigo foi mais responsiva à inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense e ao uso de gesso como fonte de S, apresentando respostas na nutrição da planta, na produtividade e na eficiência da 6 adubação nitrogenada. A inoculação das sementes de trigo com Azospirillum brasilense possibilitou reduzir a dose de N para ½ da dose recomendada em cobertura com aumento nos tetos de rendimento de grãos, especialmente quando a inoculação das sementes com Azospirillum brasilense foi associada ao uso de gesso agrícola. A inoculação das sementes de soja com de Bradyrhizobium japonicum foi capaz de suprir a demanda de N pela cultura da soja em ambiente com alto potencial de rendimento de grãos. A co-inoculação das sementes de soja com Azospirillum brasilense, com ou sem o uso de gesso agrícola, não alterou de forma relevante a nutrição da planta e não ocasionou benefícios no rendimento de grãos, proporcionando efeito negativo e ausência de efeito na produtividade, com as doses de 3,5 e 2,0 mL kg-1 de sementes de inoculante, respectivamente. A adubação nitrogenada tardia na fase reprodutiva da cultura da soja demonstrou ser uma prática desnecessária e totalmente dispensável em ambiente de alto rendimento de grãos sob plantio direto.
Adequate nitrogen (N) supply is essential for high grain yields. The dynamics of N in agricultural systems is quite complex, being closely related to the contents of organic matter, soil microorganisms and the availability of other nutrients. Even though great importance for plant growth, the use of high doses of N can reduce the efficiency of N use and cause problems of environmental contamination. N supply by biological fixation is widespread in soybean crop, but this process suffers a reduction in the reproductive phase of the crop, which has raised doubts about the possible benefits of N application after flowering. The supply of N using diazotrophic bacteria in maize and wheat can contribute to increase the efficiency of nitrogen fertilization by maize and wheat crops, for soybeans crop the use of such microorganism together with Bradyrhizobium japonicum also gained prominence. Another way to increase the efficiency of nitrogen fertilization is the adequate supply of other nutrients especially sulfur (S). The objective of this research was to evaluate (i) soil chemical changes after seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense with and without gypsum and nitrogen application in cover and (ii) plant nutrition, yield and yield. grain nutrition, nutrient extraction in corn, wheat and soybean crops, and N use efficiency in corn and wheat crops as a function of seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense, gypsum use and topdressing nitrogen fertilization. The experiment was carried out in Ponta Grossa (PR), in a very clayey dystrophic oxisol 34 years ago under no-tillage. The experimental design was randomized blocks in split plots with three replications. In the plots, the treatments were inoculated no inoculation seed, seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense + gypsum, corn and wheat seeds were inoculated shortly before sowing and soybean seeds were inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum being part co-inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense. Gypsum was applied at the study site in 2012, using 2.7 t ha-1 dose, to maintain high levels of sulfate in the soil. In the subplots, three doses of N in the form of urea were applied to maize (0, 80, 160 kg ha-1 ), wheat (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1 ) and soybean (0, 25, 50 kg ha -1 ). Corn was grown after black oats in the 2012-2013 and 2014-2015 crops, wheat was grown after corn in 2013 and 2015 and after soybeans in 2016, soybean was grown after wheat in the 2013-2014, 2015- 2016 and 2016-2017. Inoculation of corn, wheat and soybean seeds with Azospirillum brasilense in a long-term no-tillage system did not change the chemical attributes of the soil and the levels of C and N. The use of agricultural gypsum increased the sulfate content of the soil profile ( 0-60 cm) and P and Ca levels in the topsoil (0-10 cm). Successive applications of N by urea on cover caused acidification in the soil surface layer (0-10 cm). Inoculation of corn seeds with Azospirillum brasilense, with or without the use of gypsum, didn`t provide significant changes in plant nutrition, nor did it affect grain yield and nitrogen fertilization efficiency. The recommended N rate for maize should not be reduced by seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in a high grain yield environment under notillage. Wheat crop was more responsive to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and to the use of gypsum as source of S, presenting responses in plant nutrition, productivity and nitrogen fertilization efficiency. The inoculation of wheat seeds with Azospirillum brasilense allowed to reduce the N dose to ½ of the recommended dose in cover with increased grain yield ceilings, especially when seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense was associated with the use of agricultural gypsum. Inoculation of soybean seeds with Bradyrhizobium japonicum was able to supply the N demand for soybean crop in environment with high grain yield potential. The co-inoculation of the soybean seeds with Azospirillum brasilense, with or without the use of agricultural gypsum, did not significantly affect the plant nutrition and did not cause benefits in 8 grain yield, providing negative effect and no effect on yield doses of 3,5 and 2,0 mL kg1 of inoculant seeds, respectively. Late nitrogen fertilization in the reproductive phase of soybean proved to be an unnecessary and totally unnecessary practice in a high grain yield environment under no-tillage.
Adequate nitrogen (N) supply is essential for high grain yields. The dynamics of N in agricultural systems is quite complex, being closely related to the contents of organic matter, soil microorganisms and the availability of other nutrients. Even though great importance for plant growth, the use of high doses of N can reduce the efficiency of N use and cause problems of environmental contamination. N supply by biological fixation is widespread in soybean crop, but this process suffers a reduction in the reproductive phase of the crop, which has raised doubts about the possible benefits of N application after flowering. The supply of N using diazotrophic bacteria in maize and wheat can contribute to increase the efficiency of nitrogen fertilization by maize and wheat crops, for soybeans crop the use of such microorganism together with Bradyrhizobium japonicum also gained prominence. Another way to increase the efficiency of nitrogen fertilization is the adequate supply of other nutrients especially sulfur (S). The objective of this research was to evaluate (i) soil chemical changes after seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense with and without gypsum and nitrogen application in cover and (ii) plant nutrition, yield and yield. grain nutrition, nutrient extraction in corn, wheat and soybean crops, and N use efficiency in corn and wheat crops as a function of seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense, gypsum use and topdressing nitrogen fertilization. The experiment was carried out in Ponta Grossa (PR), in a very clayey dystrophic oxisol 34 years ago under no-tillage. The experimental design was randomized blocks in split plots with three replications. In the plots, the treatments were inoculated no inoculation seed, seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense + gypsum, corn and wheat seeds were inoculated shortly before sowing and soybean seeds were inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum being part co-inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense. Gypsum was applied at the study site in 2012, using 2.7 t ha-1 dose, to maintain high levels of sulfate in the soil. In the subplots, three doses of N in the form of urea were applied to maize (0, 80, 160 kg ha-1 ), wheat (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1 ) and soybean (0, 25, 50 kg ha -1 ). Corn was grown after black oats in the 2012-2013 and 2014-2015 crops, wheat was grown after corn in 2013 and 2015 and after soybeans in 2016, soybean was grown after wheat in the 2013-2014, 2015- 2016 and 2016-2017. Inoculation of corn, wheat and soybean seeds with Azospirillum brasilense in a long-term no-tillage system did not change the chemical attributes of the soil and the levels of C and N. The use of agricultural gypsum increased the sulfate content of the soil profile ( 0-60 cm) and P and Ca levels in the topsoil (0-10 cm). Successive applications of N by urea on cover caused acidification in the soil surface layer (0-10 cm). Inoculation of corn seeds with Azospirillum brasilense, with or without the use of gypsum, didn`t provide significant changes in plant nutrition, nor did it affect grain yield and nitrogen fertilization efficiency. The recommended N rate for maize should not be reduced by seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in a high grain yield environment under notillage. Wheat crop was more responsive to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and to the use of gypsum as source of S, presenting responses in plant nutrition, productivity and nitrogen fertilization efficiency. The inoculation of wheat seeds with Azospirillum brasilense allowed to reduce the N dose to ½ of the recommended dose in cover with increased grain yield ceilings, especially when seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense was associated with the use of agricultural gypsum. Inoculation of soybean seeds with Bradyrhizobium japonicum was able to supply the N demand for soybean crop in environment with high grain yield potential. The co-inoculation of the soybean seeds with Azospirillum brasilense, with or without the use of agricultural gypsum, did not significantly affect the plant nutrition and did not cause benefits in 8 grain yield, providing negative effect and no effect on yield doses of 3,5 and 2,0 mL kg1 of inoculant seeds, respectively. Late nitrogen fertilization in the reproductive phase of soybean proved to be an unnecessary and totally unnecessary practice in a high grain yield environment under no-tillage.
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BINI, Angelo Rafael. Azospirillum brasilense, gesso e eficiência da adubação nitrogenada em sistema de produção de grãos. 2019. Tese (Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia) – Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, 2019.
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